Database research record2025·United Kingdom
A Comparative LCA of Field Grown Lettuce Versus Vertically Farmed Lettuce
Gargaro M., Harris Z.
Food and Energy Security
Urban Farm DB summary
Even on renewable electricity, vertically farmed lettuce emitted about 0.93 kg CO2e/kg versus about 0.57 for UK field farms, with higher impacts in all but one category (water) and roughly twice the land footprint.