Research & reports

Amanda Rees, Bertram Melix · Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes · United States

The abstract mentions the establishment of the White House Kitchen Garden by First Lady Michelle Obama in 2009, referencing Roosevelt's Victory Garden. It briefly notes the garden's extent compared to a previous First Lady's initiative.

Carrie Chennault, Laura Klavitter, Lynn Sutton · Social Sciences · United States (Dubuque, Iowa)

This article, co-authored by a university scholar and community gardeners in Dubuque, Iowa, USA, analyzes food, land, and housing issues in marginalized communities using extended conversations and interviews. The study applies a Political Ecology of the Body framework to understand how bodily, emotional, and social lives impact relations with food and gardening. Findings indicate that community gardening transforms the Washington and North End neighborhoods, though changes may seem small, and highlight ongoing anti-oppression and anti-racism work.

Justin Pierre, Victoria Fast, Jyothi Kumari, Claus Rinner · GI_Forum · Canada (Toronto)

Cartoforum is a map-based discussion forum developed using the Boundless geostack for crowdsourcing public planning ideas. This paper presents its software architecture and functionality through three pilot studies: cycle lane planning in Toronto, Canada, community garden site-selection in the Toronto region, and campus sustainability at the University of Kerala, India. These studies demonstrate Cartoforum's utility in argumentation mapping and its potential for citizen participation.

Joshua Sbicca · · United States (Colorado)

This study investigated the potential for urban agriculture to drive green gentrification, using Denver, Colorado, as a case study. Urban agriculture was shown to drive gentrification and act as a force for displacement, even when advocates are aware of its exclusionary potential for urban farmers and residents. The research argues that political economy and cultural forces create neighborhood disinvestment and economic marginalization, and urban agriculture contributes to green gentrification through a process of revalorization that exploits rent gaps.

Dirceu Pereira Siqueira, Mariana Peixoto Espósito, Bruna Caroline Lima de Souza · Revista de Constitucionalização do Direito Brasileiro · Brazil (Maringá)

This article aimed to analyze the right to food and related public policies in Brazil, with an emphasis on the Urban and Periurban Agriculture Program and the Community Garden Program of the City of Maringá / PR, examining their effectiveness as public policies for realizing the right to food. The methodology involved a bibliographic review and interview-based field research. It was concluded that the Community Gardens Program is effective as a public policy in realizing the right to food.

Thomas Earl Tracy · ODU Digital Commons (Old Dominion University) · United States (Virginia)

This study investigated reasons for the low enrollment of African Americans in urban agriculture degree programs in Virginia, which contributes to few African Americans in leadership positions in the urban agriculture industry. Data were collected through surveys and interviews with agriculture students, non-agriculture students, and department chairpersons at Virginia State University and other colleges. The findings indicate a dearth of African Americans enrolled in these programs.

Tara Hubbard · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · United States (Spokane)

In Spokane, United States, city planners are exploring the potential of zoning ordinances to create healthier food environments in response to rising rates of obesity and chronic diseases. Some low- or mixed-income neighborhoods have limited access to healthy foods, and this brief provides specific guidance on utilizing zoning to increase access to farmers' markets, urban agriculture, and healthy food retail, while also limiting fast foods.

Paula Fernanda Nóvoa Souza Lara, Maria Mirtes Cortinhas dos Santos, Izaura Cristina Nunes Pereira Costa, Thiago Almeida Vieira · Amazonia Investiga · Brazil

This study analyzed scientific production on urban agriculture in Brazil from 2008 to 2017, using data from the CAPES Periodicals Portal. It observed that articles on urban agriculture remain scarce, despite the topic's social, environmental, and economic potential and relevance. The study suggests that state support for agricultural production in urban spaces could encourage the adoption of urban agriculture practices and related studies.

Martin Jayo, Eduardo de Lima Caldas · kult-ur revista interdisciplinària sobre la cultura de la ciutat · Brazil (São Paulo)

A study in São Paulo, Brazil, examined recent forms of appropriation of the urban agriculture agenda, using a historical analysis of urban agriculture practices by Caldas and Jayo (2019). It was observed that traditional urban agriculture discourses have been captured by new actors, including parts of the public sector opportunistically appropriating the theme and the real estate market promoting an imitation of urban agriculture as a marketing tool.

André Ruoppolo Biazoti, André Ruoppolo Biazoti · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Brazil (São Paulo)

This paper analyzes the mutirão (collective work) practices established in some community gardens in São Paulo city. Mutirão is observed as a practice with an inherent political and insurgent character that promotes not only food production but also shared management of public spaces, community building, and the production of the common as a political principle of self-governance.

A Noussia · Research Open (London South Bank University) · Brazil

This paper discusses urban agriculture on city peripheries within a scenario of urban expansion, focusing on the Guaratiba neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro. It argues that the city's urban expansion process does not invest in the inclusion of urban agriculture activities within the area's socio-environmental dynamics.

Carl Zulauf · EСONOMY FINANСES MANAGEMENT Topical issues of science and practical activity · United States

The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, the latest US farm bill, authorized programmatic changes without major spending realignment across its 12 titles. Commodity assistance payments are now more closely tied to market conditions, and commitment to private-public partnerships for environmental issues increased. US land conservation programs are evolving into a pyramid policy approach, and mandatory funding for research, extension, and agricultural export programs saw significant increases. Issues addressed across multiple titles include urban agriculture, organic production, and assistance for various farmer groups.

Joeli Silva de Souza, Ryzia de Cássia Vieira Cardoso, Lídice Almeida Arlego PARAGUASSÚ, Sidione Ferreira dos Santos · Revista de Nutrição · Brazil (Salvador-Bahia)

A cross-sectional exploratory study in Salvador-Bahia characterized community gardens, with five out of seven gardens participating and data collected from 13 horticulturists. 80.0% of gardens lacked land legalization, 100.0% operated without technical support, and 60.0% had no social organization. Major difficulties included lack of funding, volunteers, and water use restrictions, indicating insufficient policies limited technical support and financing.

Casey Y. Myers · · United States

This chapter uses a narrative and visual retelling of a "failed" community-based environmental action project to explore how posthuman understandings might reorder how environmental justice materializes with and for children. It examines how an arts organization, a children's theater group, a community activist group, a historical preservation nonprofit, and a city council aligned around two sites — a very old house and an abandoned urban lot turned community garden. Drawing on Morton's concept of the hyperobject, the author examines unseen and unnamable more-than-human forces that continued to exert agency after human narratives "won" or "lost."

Ellis Cose · · United States (New York City)

This descriptive piece discusses U.S. community energy initiatives as expressions of local self-determination, citing the Banana Kelly Community Improvement Association in New York's South Bronx and the Bronx Frontier Development Corporation, founded by a community activist grandmother, which began by converting vacant lots into community gardens; it also cites the Washington-based Center for Renewable Resources' catalogue of roughly 1,800 community energy projects, supported in part by the Community Services Administration and private foundations.

Mónica D. Ramírez‐Andreotta, Abigail Tapper, Diamond Clough, Jennifer S. Carrera, Shana Sandhaus · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · United States

Through semi-structured interviews with 17 community gardeners in the Boston area, this study characterized gardeners' intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, their perceptions of soil quality and environmental responsibility, awareness of past land use, and gardening behavior. Gardeners reported knowledge of their garden's historical past and concerns about soil quality, theft, trash maintenance, animal waste, and produce loss to foraging animals. The findings are reported as directly informing environmental health exposure assessment by documenting gardening duration, activities that can lead to incidental soil ingestion, and consumption patterns of locally grown produce.

Shawna Holmes · Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l alimentation · Canada

Interviews with school food environment staff across Canada examined how provincial nutrition regulation changes affected food procurement. While the regulations opened opportunities to improve nutrient content and involve local producers or school gardens, some schools struggled to procure nutritionally compliant food because of higher costs of transporting produce to rural, remote or northern communities and logistical problems such as spoilage. Regulations improved food environments in some schools, but others still require more support.

Annelise Caetano Fraga Fernandez, Almir Cezar Baptista Filho · Cidades, comunidades e território/Cidades comunidades e territórios · Brazil

This article describes the obstacles to applying Brazil's family-farming public policy in urban settings. It shows that a set of representations associated with rural agriculture has shaped the classification criteria used by rural technical-assistance (ATER) staff, and that this in practice limits how the policy can be applied in urban areas. It states that the mobilization of social movements linked to urban agriculture, specifically in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, led to the construction of an initiative, but the available abstract breaks off at that point.

Cláudia Bomfá Caldas, Carina Almeida Souza, Grace Kelly Silva Jesus, Indira Taina Mata Silva, Karolina Vitoria Santos, Stefany Lima, Viviane de Oliveira Batista Souza · · Brazil

A study using bibliographic and documentary research examined the community garden program "New Paths and Knowledge," run through a partnership between the municipality of Diadema, Brazil, and Universidade Metodista as part of the Rondon Project (Projeto Rondon), assessing it against the principles of corporate governance, sustainability and social responsibility. The aim was to determine whether the school- and university-based garden program met these principles and how it built partnerships between government and educational institutions.

Nazli Uludere Aragon, Michelle Stuhlmacher, Jordan P. Smith, Nicholas Clinton, Matei Georgescu · Environmental Research Letters · United States (Phoenix)

This city-scale study analyzed how urban agriculture (UA) could contribute to Phoenix's 2050 Sustainability Goals, eliminating food deserts, providing green open space, and reducing building energy use and CO2 emissions, for the fifth-largest US city by population. Examining three UA deployment surfaces (undeveloped vacant lots, flat rooftops, building facades), it found existing building stock provides 71% of available UA space in the study area; estimated total UA food supply is 183,000 tons per year, enough to provide local produce in all existing Phoenix food deserts and meet 90% of current annual fresh-produce consumption based on national per-capita patterns. UA would also add green open space, reducing by 60% the number of block groups underserved by public parks, and rooftop UA deployment could reduce building energy use and potentially displace more than 50,000 tons of CO2 per year.

Jillian Mickens · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · United States

A planning proposal for building a local food system in North Central North Carolina, United States, to increase food self-reliance. It notes there is no single accepted definition of "local food": the 2008 US Food, Conservation, and Energy Act treats products transported less than 400 miles from origin as locally or regionally produced, the book Animal, Vegetable, Miracle defines local as traveling less than 100 miles, Whole Foods defines it as within 7 hours' drive of a store, and Walmart defines it as grown and sold within the same state. It reports that US direct-to-consumer local food sales reached $1.2 billion in 2007, the number of farmers' markets grew from 1,755 in 1994 to 5,274 in 2009, community-supported agriculture (CSA) organizations grew from 2 in 1986 to 1,144 in 2005, and farm-to-school programs grew from 2 in 1996 to more than 2,095 in 2009.

Heather McIlvaine-Newsad, Rob Porter · Journal of Park and Recreation Administration · United States

This study describes how the creation of community gardens in four distinct communities in Puerto Rico led to a wide variety of socially just benefits, including recreation and food production, for participants. Ethnographic research conducted in Puerto Rico from 2016 to 2019 examined the role of community gardens before and after Hurricane Maria. The authors conclude that while these gardens may have been established for one purpose, that purpose evolved over time to meet the multiple needs and desires of participants. The main reason for creating the gardens was a desire to grow vegetables in a manner emulating the practices of Taino and Jibaro ancestors, with replicating a sustainable, environmentally friendly way of farming serving both as a statement about wanting to live in harmony with the land and a political statement about Puerto Rico's status in relation to the United States. Participants learned agroecology practices while creating spaces for leisure and social activities, and over time other forms of environmental and cultural education were incorporated; gardening together, people engaged in causes such as building renewable energy, strengthening intergenerational social bonds, and environmental and social activism. The bonds formed in these spaces prior to the hurricane produced knowledge, labor and infrastructure that helped these communities navigate the effects of Hurricane Maria.

Angel Chen, David Natcher · Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l alimentation · Canada

An inventory and mapping exercise catalogued community gardens and greenhouses across northern Canada, covering Labrador, Nunavik, Nunavut, Yukon and the Northwest Territories. The work forms part of a circumpolar research project supported by the Arctic Council's Sustainable Development Working Group and is described as an initial stage toward determining the extent to which these gardens and greenhouses, as local food procurement strategies, meet the food needs of northern residents.

Micheline Nilsen · Journal of the American Planning Association · United States (New York City)

This entry is a bibliographic citation for a review of the work "Participatory Design and Self-Building in Shared Urban Open Spaces: Community Gardens and Casitas in New York City," published in the Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 592–593. No further content of the review is given in the available record.

Josiane Santos da Silva, Marta Cristina Marjotta-Maistro · Nucleus · Brazil

Using a case-study approach with secondary data from official sources (including IBGE) and scientific literature, this study built a socioeconomic diagnosis of Marituba, a municipality in Pará state, Brazil, to inform public policy for urban and peri-urban agriculture (AUP). Findings show precarious infrastructure development relative to Belém, particularly in security and basic sanitation, but relatively better education and health indicators, contributing to a medium Municipal Human Development Index among Brazilian municipalities; agriculture in Marituba is diversified and mainly vegetable production, characterized as family-run and urban/peri-urban, conducted near the urban center.