Research & reports

Pepijn Schreinemachers, Mamounata Sandaogo Ouedraogo, Serge Diagbouga, Amadou Thiombiano, Serge Rodrigue Kouamé, Caroline Makamto Sobgui, Hsiao-pu Chen, Ray-Yu Yang · Journal of Development Effectiveness · Burkina Faso

A repeated cluster randomized controlled trial in 30 schools with 1,760 schoolchildren (8–14 years old) in Burkina Faso evaluated the impact of school vegetable gardens combined with nutrition education. The study found a small but significant increase in knowledge of sustainable agriculture (+5.0%) and food/nutrition (+6.6%). However, there was no significant increase in other outcome indicators, including fruit and vegetable consumption.

Jennifer Kent, Susan E. Thompson · · Australia

This chapter reviews the link between the built environment and eating habits, noting that where people live and work influences food types and prices. It examines how urban planning in Australia supports local food production to encourage healthier eating. This support includes protecting peri-urban agricultural lands and promoting food cultivation in community gardens, verges, and homes.

Yvonne Black · Management Learning · Global

This article explores a non-traditional qualitative research project that used a creative approach, specifically collaborative performance ethnography, to investigate lived experiences in an urban community garden. Working with a playwright and garden staff/volunteers, the study explored connections between people and nature and their impact on well-being. The creative method, incorporating arts-based inquiry and performance, facilitated relaxed communication with participants and provided new perspectives on data collection and analysis, stimulating discourse on community gardens' role in social and environmental change.

Victoria Holmes · Proceedings of Student Research and Creative Inquiry Day · Global

This literature review analyzed research data from 2002-2018 to investigate the effects of school garden programs on students' fruit and vegetable intake and the impact of increased intake on academic performance. Findings support the claim that school garden programs promote an increase in fruit and vegetable consumption among participating students. In one study, nutrition education and garden-based activities doubled daily fruit and vegetable servings among sixth graders. A positive relationship was shown between academic performance and fruit and vegetable consumption, but more studies are needed to understand long-term effects.

Jean-Louis Yengué · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · Cameroon

Focusing on the Cameroonian capital Yaoundé and one of its valleys, the Ekozoa, this study examines the forms taken by urban residents' cultivation of food and horticultural crops and its place within the urban fabric. Despite its illegality, this agriculture proved essential to the survival strategies of the poorest households, improving their nutrition and economic base, and it also played an environmental role through waste recycling and greening the city. At the same time it raised numerous problems related to pollution and public health. The solution proposed by the authorities is to bring these areas under control as non-buildable zones, incorporating them into a green network that is more ornamental than productive.

Baby Shaharoona, Said Al‐Ismaily, Ahmed Al‐Mayahi, Nadhira Al-Harrasi, Ruqaiya Al-Kindi, Abdullah Al-Sulaimi, Hamad Al-Busaidi, Mohammed Al‐Abri · Heliyon · Global

A study in A'Seeb city, Oman, combined a sociological questionnaire survey of residents' perceptions with sampling of pathogenic bacteria, water-soluble metals, basic cations, salinity and texture in soil and groundwater near urban gardens and municipal waste disposal sites. Most surveyed residents were not paying attention to the negative consequences of their activities on soil and the environment. Heavy metal concentrations were significant at some contaminated sites though still below international standards, while fecal contaminants were reported in some garden, waste-site and groundwater samples, identifying human pathogens in risk group 2 including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella spp. and E. coli.

Marjanca Kos, Janez Jerman · Problems of Education in the 21st Century · Global

A quasi-experiment with one control and one experimental group, each comprising 15 children aged 6-7, examined the effect of school gardening activities on children's knowledge of and attitude toward eating garden vegetables. Individual interviews established prior knowledge and attitudes; the experimental group then carried out activities in a school garden built in cooperation with a nearby organic farm, after which interviews were repeated in both groups. Results showed that both groups had poor general knowledge of garden vegetables at the outset, but after the garden activities the experimental group's knowledge improved to a statistically significant degree and their attitude toward eating vegetables became more positive.

Beatrice Atieno Otieno, Davis Bwire Namiripo · Australian Herbal Insight · Global

Urban gardening, an ancient practice, is described as having gained renewed significance amid rapid urbanization and associated challenges including environmental degradation and declining mental health. This study explored the multifaceted role of urban gardening in environmental, social, and health dimensions of sustainable urban development across five cities: New York, Berlin, Mumbai, São Paulo, and Nairobi. It combined structured surveys of 300 participants (covering air quality, access to fresh food, social interactions, and mental health), semi-structured interviews with 30 stakeholders including city planners and community garden managers, field observations of gardens' ecological and physical characteristics, and a review of secondary data. Results showed 67% of respondents reported improved mental health, with São Paulo and New York showing the most positive outcomes. Urban gardening contributed to reducing the urban heat island effect, with temperature reductions of up to 4°C, enhanced biodiversity by hosting various plant species that created habitats for pollinators, and served as social hubs fostering community engagement and inclusivity; 60% of respondents in São Paulo reported improved access to fresh food. The study concludes that urban gardening significantly enhances environmental sustainability, social cohesion, and mental health, particularly in marginalized communities, but states that challenges such as land access and insufficient policy support hinder its potential.

Abdallah Zacharia, Wajihu Ahmada, Anne H. Outwater, Billy Ngasala, Rob Van Deun · The Scientific World JOURNAL · Tanzania

This cross-sectional study, conducted from February to August 2018, evaluated three waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) in the Morogoro, Mwanza and Iringa regions of Tanzania, where treated effluent is used for urban agricultural activities despite the disease-transmission risks posed by untreated or partially treated wastewater. Using APHA physicochemical methods, the modified Bailenger method and Ziehl-Neelsen staining for parasites, and membrane filtration for fecal coliforms (FC), analyzed with SPSS version 20, the study found helminth egg removal ranging from 80.8% to 100% and protozoan (oo)cyst removal from 98.8% to 99.9%, with the Mwanza WSP showing the highest FC reduction (3.8 log units per 100 mL). Both parasites and FCs in the effluents of the assessed WSPs were found at concentrations exceeding World Health Organization and Tanzania Bureau of Standards limits, except for helminths in the Morogoro WSP and FCs in the Mwanza WSP. FC counts correlated significantly with protozoa (p<0.01) and predicted protozoa occurrence well (p=0.011), with correlations also found among physicochemical parameters, parasites and FC bacteria. The study attributes the systems' inadequate performance to a lack of regular maintenance and/or operation beyond capacity, and concludes that FC indicators are a reasonable proxy for monitoring protozoa but not for helminths, which should be surveyed independently.

Dan Li, Chun Hong Wong, Mei Fang Seet, Nicole Kuan · Frontiers in Microbiology · Singapore

This study conducted, for the first time to the authors' knowledge, an investigation of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia -- an emerging opportunistic pathogen capable of causing high-mortality nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients while also being ubiquitous in the environment -- on leafy green vegetables and in a hydroponic farming facility in Singapore. Eleven isolates were recovered from three vegetable types (sweet basil, kale, parsley) and the nutrient solution, with high population levels reached in vegetables under abused storage temperatures (over 8-log CFU/ml in basil juice after six days at 20°C) and on hydroponic facilities through biofilm formation (8 to 9-log CFU/well), and UV treatment (over 4-log reduction at 250 mJ/cm²) was identified as an effective measure to reduce contamination in nutrient solutions and facilities.

Rana Muhammad Asif Kanwar, Zahid Mahmood Khan, Hafiz Umar Farid · Water Science & Technology · Global

A study in Multan, Pakistan, assessed the feasibility of biological treatment for a typical wastewater stream using daily trends in wastewater characteristics and designed a wastewater treatment (WWT) system for it. Parameters including pH (5.8-6.2), temperature (24-30°C), and BOD5 (128-265 mg/L) supported biological treatment; including nitrogenous BOD indicated a need for nitrification-denitrification, and linear regression of volatile suspended solids against total suspended solids showed high organic solids content suited to biological treatment. A BOD/COD ratio below 0.8 indicated a need for biomass acclimation. The designed system's major units were a primary clarifier, cascade aeration, trickling filter, adsorption filter, and chlorination contact tank. Over a 15-week validation period of the secondary WWT system, removal reached 91% for TSS, 46% for TDS, 88% for BOD5, and 87% for COD. The developed system was concluded to be an appropriate sustainable WWT system, with lower energy consumption and operating costs.

Vanessa Daufenback, L. A. Z. Machado, Cláudia Maria Bógus · Revista Ingesta · Global

A systematic review using the Scielo database to examine the relationship between urban agriculture (UA) and food and nutrition security (SAN) in Latin America. A search for "agricultura urbana" returned 156 articles; screening by title and keywords narrowed this to 32, and excluding non-Latin-American studies left 26 articles connecting UA and SAN to some degree. Only 5 of these made a direct link between SAN and UA; the rest addressed only some dimension of the concept, and the review found no concrete, agreed definition of UA across the literature. Few studies treated the urban farmer or production scale as central to promoting SAN, despite UA's role in food-sovereignty practices such as seed exchange and preserving planting traditions. Most of the reviewed studies pointed to significant problems, including contamination of crops by heavy metals, difficulty achieving environmental, social and economic sustainability — particularly for farmers who end up working in other sectors — and a lack of technical assistance.

· International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · Singapore

A waitlist-control randomized controlled trial recruiting 59 older adults (29 horticultural therapy, 30 waitlist control) to investigate improvements in mental well-being and modulation of biomarker levels.

· Foods · Burkina Faso (Ouagadougou)

Lettuce from urban and peri-urban gardens in Ouagadougou was contaminated with E. coli, coliforms, and Salmonella, with 60% of irrigation water failing WHO safety standards, indicating a microbial food-safety risk.

Jonathan Stoltz, Christina Schäffer · Frontiers in Psychology · Global

This paper explores the salutogenic potential of urban green spaces, proposing edible forest gardens as a concept for urban green space use and management. It argues that including edible forest gardens in urban green spaces (today globally dominated by lawns) could reinforce several affordances of salutogenic importance, such as social cohesion and restoration from psycho-physiological stress and attention fatigue. Increased opportunities for contact with nature and food production processes may also reinforce pro-environmental behaviors in the population.

Naomi Shimpo, Andreas Wesener, Wendy McWilliam · Urban forestry & urban greening · New Zealand (Christchurch)

This paper examines the community benefits provided by an established community garden in Christchurch, New Zealand, following the 2010/2011 Canterbury Earthquakes. Based on surveys and interviews, findings indicate the garden helped gardeners cope with the post-quake situation by serving as a place to de-stress, share experiences, and gain community support. Garden features encouraging social interaction, such as central meeting and communal working areas, reportedly supported disaster recovery.

Nara Jeong, Seung-Won Han, Kwang Jin Kim, Young-Bin Jung · Journal of East Asian Landscape Studies · Global

This study analyzed local residents' perceptions in a town-development project to determine how community garden spaces should be used for village-rehabilitation. Participants desired community gardens to offer shade, relaxation, children's play areas, green spaces, and conversation spots. The findings suggest that uniform garden designs are inappropriate, recommending 20-25% allocation for community, ornamental, and relaxation spaces, with plant selection prioritizing environmental benefits over aesthetics.

Cisneros Bestene, María Alexandra · · Colombia (Bogotá)

In Localidad Ciudad Bolivar, Barrio Las Namas, Bogotá, Colombia, a social interest housing project was developed after analyzing qualitative and quantitative housing deficits. This project aims to resettle families from high-risk zones and integrates activities that generate a neighborhood economy and enhance social cohesion. Additionally, a series of spaces encouraging and promoting urban agriculture is proposed as a method to train the population on nutrition-related issues.

Anna Petit‐Boix, Defne Apul · Sustainability · Global

This study addresses the lack of a framework for the emergence of social cohesion in urban agriculture (UA) by modifying the cascade ecosystem services model. It transforms this into a bottom-up causal framework for UA, where biophysical and social structures lead to human activities fostering attitudes and feelings like trust. These aggregated attitudes generate social cohesion, supporting the development of causality pathways in social life cycle assessment and understanding UA's social impacts.

Rani Prihatmanti, Nooriati Taib · Arab world geographer · Global

This paper reviews the potential of biofaçades as Vertical Greenery Systems for urban food security, optimizing them as 'Vertical Edible Landscapes' on high-rise buildings. The review identifies key factors for growing edible plants on high-rises, including plant type, climatic conditions, maintenance, and pest control. Findings suggest edible biofaçades could increase vegetable consumption, lower transport emissions, minimize pesticide use, and reduce local produce expenditures.

Joseph Chabi, Miracle C. Eziefule, Rebecca Pwalia, Joannitta Joannides, Dorothy Obuobi, Godwin Amlalo, Charlotte Addae, Alidu Iddrisu, Dominic Acquah-Baidoo, Samuel Akporh, Sampson Gbagba, Kwadwo K. Frempong, Melinda P. Hadi, Helen Pates Jamet, Samuel Dadzie · Advances in Entomology · Ghana

This study in Accra Metropolis, Ghana, compared Anopheles gambiae s.l. species composition and insecticide resistance between two vegetable-growing and two non-vegetable growing areas. All A. gambiae s.l. populations tested were resistant to five insecticides, with lower mortalities observed in vegetable-growing areas (e.g., 2.6% and 12.5% for deltamethrin) compared to non-vegetable areas (36.2% and 38.9%). Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles coluzzii were dominant in vegetable-growing areas. The findings indicate that urban agriculture contributes to the development of insecticide resistance, which needs consideration in vector control strategies.

G. R. SCHMIDT · · Global

This chapter discusses the role of urban and community-supported agriculture (CSA) in developed countries, noting that these initiatives, while struggling, contribute to nutrition, personal agency, values, and green education. It also addresses the less immediate connections between wild regional resources, wild biodiversity, and their potential for agricultural innovation and nutrition.

Eleanor Quested, Cecilie Thøgersen‐Ntoumani, Hannah Uren, Sarah J. Hardcastle, Richard M. Ryan · Ecopsychology · Global

This study explored how community gardens enhance individual and community well-being, applying self-determination theory. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 5 experienced and 10 aspiring community gardeners. Findings suggest that the satisfaction of community-level needs, experienced through participation in community gardens, may precede the enhancement of individual and community well-being.

Mohamad Assad, Michel Chalot, Fabienne Tatin‐Froux, Valérie Bert, Julien Parelle · Journal of Environmental Quality · Global

This study investigated element transfer in edible crops (cucumber, pepper, cabbage, lettuce) and poplar (Skado cultivar) grown on soils contaminated with sediments dredged from water canals in the 1960s, aiming to develop a biomonitor. The results showed accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in the edible parts of crops, particularly leafy vegetables, indicating that Cd could be ingested in amounts reaching the tolerable daily intake (TDI) in this context. No accumulation of lead (Pb) was detected.

Na Ra Jeong, Seung Won Han, Kwang Jin Kim, Jung Nam Suh, Ji Hye Yoon · Journal of people, plants, and environment · Global

This study surveyed 340 urban and non-metropolitan residents from October 7-10, 2016, to understand their perceptions and expectations of community gardens. The survey found that residents generally agree on the necessity of community gardens, particularly those with gardening experience, and expect them to provide comfort, aesthetic functions, and personal benefits like health promotion, as well as public benefits such as amenity and community vitalization. Residents also showed strong willingness to participate in planning, construction, and management.