Research & reports

Todd Gray, Devon Gardens Trust · · United Kingdom

This guide compiles sources on the garden history of Devon. It includes Devon's gardens and surviving documents, how to begin garden research in Devon, how to use the guides, garden descriptions, documentary sources, printed sources, illustrations, and appendices. The appendices list places and gardens visited by Revd John Swete from 1789-1804, allotment gardens in Devon, Devon nurseries and market-gardens, Devon garden societies, and miscellaneous Devon records.

Joyce Anstey · Environmental Conservation · United Kingdom (London)

An abstract is not available for this content.

Wolschke-Bulmahn J., Gröning G. · Journal of Garden History, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 73–80 · Germany

Critically analyzes how the 'nature garden' ideology that emerged in early-twentieth-century Germany, while claiming scholarly basis, carried nationalist and native-plant preferences that fed into later Blood and Soil thinking.

Gröning G., Wolschke-Bulmahn J. · Landscape Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 116–126 · Germany

Examines how German landscape architects' obsession with native plants produced 'landscape rules' that, under National Socialism, became tied to the planning of occupied territories and acquired xenophobic, ideological character.

John M. Merriman · Oxford University Press eBooks · France

This chapter emphasizes the “awkward embrace” between city and country in the faubourg and the persistence of an urban agricultural population. It also considers how the troubled relationship between state and city affected the urban periphery and provides an overview of industry's role in faubourg development. To understand the urban periphery in France during the first half of the nineteenth century, it explores the state-city relationship (reflected in town walls), the persistence of rural life at the edge of and within cities, and industry's place in the emergence of the nineteenth-century faubourg.

David R. Coffin · Princeton University Press eBooks · Italy (Rome)

This chapter, authored by David R. Coffin, explores urban gardens in Papal Rome. It contrasts these secular urban horticultural retreats with the cloistered gardens of monks.

M. Krelowska‐Kulas · Food / Nahrung · Poland (Kraków)

An investigation using atomic absorption spectroscopy in Kraków, Poland, found that vegetables from urban allotment gardens had average levels of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, and iron several times higher than control samples from farms 100 km away. In some cases, maximum levels of certain elements approached the admissible limit. However, average levels of lead and cadmium in pigs and cattle showed no reason for objection.

P. van Lune · Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science · Netherlands

A study analyzed cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in soils and crops from 57 allotment gardens in potentially contaminated areas of the Netherlands. The median Cd and Pb concentrations in the soil samples were found to be higher than those in soils used for arable farming and horticulture. However, Cd and Pb concentrations in the crops themselves were normal.

Lin Whitifield · Community Development Journal · United Kingdom

This is a journal article published in Community Development Journal (UK), Volume 22, Issue 3, July 1987, pages 242–245, written by Lin Whitfield, Education Officer for the National Federation of City Farms in the United Kingdom. Only bibliographic information and the author's affiliation are available; no further content is given.

Bundesrepublik Deutschland · gesetze-im-internet.de (Bundesministerium der Justiz) · Germany

The official text of the Federal Allotment Garden Act. Section 1 defines a Kleingarten as a garden used non-commercially for horticultural purposes (including growing garden produce for personal use) and recreation, situated within a site combining multiple individual plots with shared facilities. Section 3 caps a plot at 400 m² and permits a simple garden shed of at most 24 m² (including covered terrace) that must not be suitable for permanent habitation. Section 5 caps rent at up to four times the locally customary rent for commercial fruit and vegetable cultivation.

Bundesrepublik Deutschland · buzer.de (konsolidierte Fassung des Bundeskleingartengesetzes) · Germany

A page reproducing §20 of the Federal Allotment Gardens Act (enacted 28 February 1983, Federal Law Gazette I p. 210, in force from 1 April 1983). Paragraph 1 provides that on the entry into force of the Act the listed provisions cease to apply, and lists thirteen items, of which No. 1 is the Kleingarten- und Kleinpachtlandordnung in the consolidated version published at Federal Law Gazette Part III, classification number 235-1. This is therefore the provision that repealed the 1919 ordinance, with effect from the Act's commencement on 1 April 1983. The remaining items include the provisions on the promotion of allotments of 22 March 1938 (Reichsanzeiger 1938 No. 74), the Act amending and supplementing allotment law of 28 July 1969 (BGBl. I p. 1013), Article 4 of the Act amending the Berlin Aid Act of 23 June 1970 (BGBl. I p. 826), and state-level rules from Baden-Württemberg, Hamburg, Rhineland-Palatinate and Schleswig-Holstein.

Howard J. Atkinson, Naomi Gibson, Harry C. Evans · Plant Pathology · United Kingdom (Leeds)

A survey of 140 growers across 12 allotment sites around Leeds, UK, identified a wide range of crop pests, with brassicas, potatoes, and carrots being more frequently damaged. Soil samples from 33 plots at 10 established sites and 6 plots at 2 new sites revealed potentially damaging levels of pale potato cyst nematode in 21 and 1 plots, respectively. Widespread overwintering populations of carrot fly larvae and pupae were also found in soil samples from eight sites.

Bundesverfassungsgericht · Bundesverfassungsgericht (DFR, Universität Bern) · Germany

The First Senate judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court of 12 June 1979 (docket 1 BvL 19/76). It held that the combination of a blanket bar on termination, narrowly enumerated grounds, mandatory administrative approval and price control under the 1944 protection ordinance and the 1969 amending act was incompatible with the property guarantee of Article 14 of the Basic Law as it applied to private landlords. Section 1(3) of the 1944 ordinance and section 2(2) of the 1969 act were declared void for breaching rule-of-law principles. The court reasoned that allotments had shifted from subsistence necessity to recreational use, weakening the social justification for restrictions of that breadth.

Harry Wals · Aménagement et Nature · Netherlands (The Hague)

This article describes mesologic education as a link between specialized environmental courses in schools. It details how The Hague's Local Office for School Gardens supports teachers in environmental education by offering practical assistance, living animals, maintenance examples, and facilities to their pupils.

Ivor H. Seeley · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · United Kingdom

This chapter is subdivided into three sections concerned with public parks, children's playgrounds, and allotment gardens.

E. F. Schumacher · Blond & Briggs · United Kingdom

E.F. Schumacher's 1973 book challenges the mainstream "bigger is better" economic ethos, advocating small, "appropriate" technologies as an alternative. Its four parts cover the modern economy, resources, the developing world, and organization/ownership; in 1995 the Times Literary Supplement named it one of the 100 most influential books since World War II.

Silverman D. P. · Central European History, Vol. 3, No. 1–2, pp. 112–139 · Germany

Examines the Weimar constitution's pledge of adequate housing (Article 155) and how chronic shortages and postwar upheaval left it unrealized, providing the institutional backdrop to settlement and housing policy.

Natalia Przesmycka, Rafał Strojny · Teka Komisji Architektury Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych · Poland (Lublin)

This article examines allotment gardens in downtown Lublin, Poland, from a historical, architectural, and landscape perspective, focusing on the oldest garden, "Nasza Zdobycz nad Bystrzycą." It identifies that city-center allotment gardens are at risk from commercial development and discusses the increasing alienation of owners and progressing devastation of these areas. The study also attempts to explain these issues and suggests design applications for revitalization.

Parliament of the United Kingdom · legislation.gov.uk (UK Public General Acts) · United Kingdom

The UK's Allotments Act 1925 enabled local authorities to acquire land for allotments and established tenant protections for allotment holders. An 'allotment' is defined as land not exceeding five acres cultivated as a garden or farm. Landowners reclaiming allotment land must give three months' notice for non-agricultural uses and six months' for sport or recreation, and tenants retain compensation rights under set conditions regardless of contract terms. Local authorities cannot sell or repurpose allotment land without approval from the agriculture minister and adequate provision for displaced holders. The Act applies to England and Wales only.

BASF · BASF (corporate history chronology) · Germany

According to BASF's corporate history page, building on Fritz Haber's laboratory method, a BASF team led by Carl Bosch worked from 1908 to industrialize ammonia synthesis, and in 1913 the first ammonia synthesis plant went into operation at a newly built site in Oppau, north of Ludwigshafen. This made industrial fertilizer production possible, and the Haber-Bosch process is said to still secure food for billions of people today.

· Wikipédia (français) · France

This French Wikipedia article traces the history of French family/allotment gardens (jardins familiaux). The movement began in 1896 when abbé Lemire founded the "Ligue française du Coin de Terre et du Foyer," reorganized in 1921 into the "Fédération nationale des jardins familiaux," with the term "jardins familiaux" legally defined by a law of 26 July 1952. Gardens in the Paris region grew from 48 in 1904 to 1,515 in 1913, and by around 1945, at the end of World War II, France had roughly 250,000 such gardens.