Research & reports

Lexi Earl, Pat Thomson · · Global

This chapter explores historical aspects of the current school-gardening movement, showing how gardens were taken up in educational theory by Comenius, Rousseau, Froebel, Pestalozzi, and Montessori, and examining how ideas for children's gardening developed in the late 19th century and how children were viewed as beings to be "cultivated." It discusses how the garden emerged as a further space where children could be civilised -- moulded and shaped into particular kinds of beings -- and analyzes early US school gardens of the 20th century. It analyzes texts produced about and for "children's gardening," focusing on how garden writers sought to encourage gardening and an interest in the natural world.

Lexi Earl, Pat Thomson · · Global

A book chapter examining the discourses encountered in school gardens and how the framing of gardening as "the solution" is entangled in different discursive assemblages. It also attends to the silences of gardening "talk"—what is left out of current conversations about children's gardening—asking what is excluded from a school garden, what goes unsaid in garden spaces, and how this shapes (or fails to shape) a school's identity and its relationships with outsiders and parents. The chapter is a conceptual discussion and does not present empirical findings or data.

Ina Säumel, Suhana E. Reddy, Thomas Wachtel · Sustainability, 11(4), 972 · Global

A foundational paper of the EU EdiCitNet project that positions citizen-led food production (Edible City Solutions) as urban infrastructure generating socio-cultural ecosystem services—social cohesion, education, health—alongside regulating services such as stormwater management and biodiversity. It offers a framework in which participatory productive green space underpins social resilience and sustainable food-system transitions.

Nordhagen S., Thiam K., Sow S. · Food Security · Senegal (Dakar)

A post-project survey in Dakar found that microgardens were largely abandoned (5% continued use) while poultry activities persisted strongly (75%) due to income-generation potential, suggesting urban nutrition interventions must align with economic incentives to achieve lasting adoption.

Pernille Malberg Dyg, Søren Christensen, Corissa Jade Peterson · Health Promotion International · Global

A thematic review of 51 articles published between 1980 and 2017 examined the effects of community gardens on wellbeing among vulnerable populations. Findings suggested positive impacts on physical health and individual/social wellbeing, but food security enhancements were inconsistent. Two articles raised potential food safety concerns in urban community gardens, recommending attention to minimizing these risks.

Martin Stuchtey, Tilmann Vahle · OpenEdition (OpenEdition) · Global

This paper discusses different types of urban agriculture (UA) to assess its potential for future food production. Conventional open-air farming is found to be rarely commercially viable for meaningful food production, though it offers community, educational, psychological, and environmental benefits. High-yielding Controlled Environment Farming (CEF), while potentially contributing substantially to food output, is highly capital and knowledge-intensive and likely to develop at city fringes due to economic considerations.

Mia Hilmiyati, Anna Fitri Hindriana, Sri Redjeki · Edubiologica. · Global

This study investigated the impact of Contextual Teaching Learning (CTL) combined with school environment media on science literacy and cognitive achievement among X grade biology students. Using a pre-test-post-test control group design with purposive sampling, the experimental class (X MIPA-2) showed a high gain in science literacy (0.80) and a medium gain in cognitive achievement (0.68). The control class (X MIPA-1) had a medium science literacy gain (0.63) and a low cognitive achievement gain (0.29). Hypothesis testing confirmed significant differences between the groups, indicating that CTL with school environment media improved both science literacy and cognitive achievement.

Tracy Hood · UNC Libraries · Global

This article cautions against professional planners dismissing community gardening projects as simplistic community development initiatives. Author Tracy Hood reminds planning and city officials of the value of small-scale, less costly community development options like community gardens. She lists and describes numerous economic, educational, and social benefits derived from planting and maintaining a garden.

Horațiu Catalano · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Romania

This survey aimed to highlight the complex personality of curate-educator Ioan Marian and his contributions to the social, educational, and cultural life in Năsăud County, Romania. His name is connected to the establishment of the first preparatory course for teacher training on November 1, 1837, in addition to the Năsăud Normal School. He also founded a school for girls, ordered the construction of schools in frontier villages, increased teachers' salaries, set up school gardens for pomiculture, and contributed to the education of people with hearing impairments.

Janice Kroeger, Terri Cardy, Abigail E. Recker, Lynn Gregor, Aubrey Ryan, Anna Beckwith, Jacob Dunwiddie · · Global

This study aimed to enhance pre-service teachers' abilities to engage in hands-on work in school gardens with primary and preschool children. A professor and her students worked to build reciprocity and social connections globally. This initiative involved North American and Ghanaian Elders collaborating to nurture children's understanding of growing spaces and address the common notion of caring for the Earth.

Olga Domené-Painenao, Francisco Herrera · Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems · Venezuela

The Bolivarian University of Venezuela established the Program Degree in Agroecology (PDA) in 2004 to expand agroecological practices and knowledge. Over a decade, more than a thousand PDA graduates have contributed to agroecological scaling in urban and rural areas, playing a key role in urban agriculture amidst economic crisis. The PDA has created human talent for territorializing agroecology and institutionalizing pro-peasant policy in Venezuela.

Kathrin Specht, Felix Zoll, Henrike Schümann, Julia Bela, Julia Kachel, Marcel Robischon · Sustainability · Global

Nineteen qualitative expert interviews were conducted to identify perceptions of sustainability, social acceptability, and ethical aspects of new urban food production approaches. While major perceived benefits included educational effects and efficient resource use, significant conflicts involved negative side-effects, legal constraints, and high investment costs. Acceptance barriers were largely tied to the "unknown," encompassing a lack of understanding of new approaches, uncertainty about benefits, health risk concerns, unfamiliarity with products, and ethical doubts about animal welfare. The study concluded that adapting the unsuitable regulatory framework, which discourages investors, is a crucial first step to foster dissemination of urban food production approaches.

Stavrianakis, Farmer · Children Youth and Environments · Global

This study investigated the impacts that gardening education workshops in community gardens can have on family members and their environmental behaviors. Participants reported a variety of positive impacts from the gardening workshops, including socializing, health benefits, and acquired knowledge. However, there was limited evidence of pro-environmental behavior change beyond gardening.

Johanna Lochner, Marco Rieckmann, Marcel Robischon · Journal of Education for Sustainable Development · Global

This systematic literature review analyzed 158 peer-reviewed articles on school gardening, with a focus on Virtual School Garden Exchanges (VSGEs) and their connection to Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). The study examined the global perspective of ESD, the use of digital media, and international exchanges in school gardens. Only 14 articles directly incorporated these three perspectives, leading to the identification of possible directions for future research on VSGE.

Theresa Brehm · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · Uganda

This study, conducted at Naluwoli Primary School garden in Kamuli district, Uganda, tested the decomposition of household items as an inexpensive indicator of soil health. Cotton underwear, green and rooibos teas, and birch wood sticks were buried for 4, 7, 14, and 21 days in hand-tilled and untilled soils. Untilled soils decomposed cotton by 0.68% less and birch wood sticks by 0.86% more per day than hand-tilled soils, while tea data was inconclusive due to outside biological factors.

Pulido Guerrero, Ana María · · Colombia (Bogotá)

This project characterized ethnobotanical aspects of food and medicinal plants in urban gardens in Bogotá, Colombia, by visiting ten family gardens and ten community gardens across five locations. It found that 80% of the gardens had more food plants than medicinal plants, and 80% of registered plants were introduced species. Community gardens showed greater species richness and social purposes, while family gardens focused on self-consumption and social cohesion. No correlations were found between species richness and socioeconomic variables due to urban heterogeneity.

Simone Betti · U-PAD Unimc - Open Digital Publications (University of Macerata) · Global

Urban horticulture, traditionally a marginal activity for the elderly, is gaining popularity in post-modern society for educational, rehabilitation, or hobby purposes. This growing interest in urban gardening, manifesting in various forms globally and locally, addresses needs beyond food production, often promoting social inclusion and the restoration of urban green areas. Gardens serve as spaces for reconnecting with nature, stress relief, social interaction for the elderly, outdoor classrooms for children, and therapeutic support in healthcare facilities.

Anna Janis-Chorosińska · Problemy Drobnych Gospodarstw Rolnych / Problems of Small Agricultural Holdings · Global

This article presents and compares well-functioning urban agriculture models from Havana (Cuba), Todmorden (England), and Bergamo (Italy), noting their differences in climate, area size, origins, objectives, organization, and financing. The analysis identifies various potential and effective functions, including educational, integration, therapeutic, aesthetic, job creation, and food autonomy. The study suggests these models could be implemented in Małopolska, Poland, to address multiple crisis situations.

Mathilde Martin-Moreau, David Ménascé · OpenEdition (OpenEdition) · Global

The deployment of urban agriculture relies on initiatives from companies, startups, and non-profit organizations, alongside support from public authorities, especially local governments. Challenges include the need to raise consumer awareness of new production methods and to train urban farmers for quality supply chains. The abstract indicates that commitment from local stakeholders is crucial for scaling up urban agriculture projects.

Byron Cevallos, Xavier Úcar · · Ecuador

This doctoral thesis proposal analyzes socio-educational approaches to the global social-ecological crisis and climate change. It systematizes the experience of the "Convento Eco-emprende" project in Convento, Manabi province, Ecuador, where participatory bioconstruction of an agro-ecological community center and a community garden began in 2017 through strengthening local organizational capabilities. These are understood as spaces for knowledge exchange aimed at collective empowerment and social transformation.

Ivan Obreshkov · Knowledge International Journal · Global

This study examined urban farming in Almere, Netherlands, as a means of tourism diversification and an integral part of modern culture and education. Based on interviews with local food producers and an entrepreneur, it highlighted efforts by local governments and academia to shorten the food chain and enhance urban farming's appeal. The urban farming initiative in Almere provides food for consumption and sale, alongside educational activities.

Greg Zandrow, Samir Malkani, Kerri Gosselin · PEDIATRICS · Philippines

A community garden program in a rural Filipino village, involving families of 67 children, aimed to assess the impact of community gardens and education on plant care and proper diet on malnutrition and food security. The study found that while the program helped reduce malnutrition, it also led to an increase in obesity.

Abdulla Ambusaidi, Rashid Al‐Yahyai, Subhashni Taylor, Neil Taylor · Science education international · Oman

A pilot school gardening project involving Grade 2 students in Oman used a quasi-experimental mixed-method design. While findings were somewhat mixed and tentative, they suggest that school gardens in Oman could provide affective and possible health benefits for students. Given that the study was a pilot, these findings need to be treated tentatively.

· Cornell University Press eBooks · Global

The main idea in this chapter is that "the love of plants should be inculcated in the school." Knowledge of plants and horticulture extends beyond mere information, taking children outdoors and increasing their engagement with life. The chapter concludes by outlining types of school gardens, including those for ornamenting grounds, establishing collections, providing instruction, and serving as test grounds for new varieties.

Kim Gokmi, Ahn Jia · The International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology · Global

This study aimed to analyze the significance and types of urban agriculture, examine domestic and foreign cases, and seek development directions for urban agriculture. It notes that urban agriculture is taking hold in the West due to concerns over global warming, food safety, and urbanites seeking health and relaxation. The research plans to present development measures and conduct follow-up research for safe food.